How Internet Works?

Internet is a distributed pocket switched network which distributed world wide via optic fiber cables. Those connected the countries by going under the sea.

IS ANYONE INCHARGE OF THE INTERNET?

No one is operating the internet. It is an independently operated network.

    Internet send the information in binary system means it send either 1 or 0. Since for a song it take 3 to 4 megabytes.

All the different devices on the internet have unique addresses .An address on the internet is just a number. It is known as IP (Internet Protocol) address .Traditional  IP addresses are 8 bit long (i.e.  174.129.13.152) this IP address known as IPv4 designed in 1973 and adopted in 1980’s. Provides more than 4billion unique addresses .Now days which are not enough so we used IPv6 which contains 128 bit per address .The internet is a design philosophy and an architecture expressed in asset of protocols. Protocol is a well known set of rules and standards used to communicate between machines.

HOW DATA ARE SEDND TO THE DEVICE?

Data are sent as packets.  Many kinds of digital information can be sent with IP packets. If we want to download any image which is too much for a single packet then it will divide into few packets these packets will be filled with binary codes (i.e. 0 and 1) packets do not have drivers and do not choose routes. Each packet has the address where it is came from and where it is going. Routes behave like traffic manager. Then first songs will be divided into different packets and there have TCP (Transmission control protocol) which manages the sending and receiving of all your data as packets are received by the device then TCP sensing that all packets are received and it will be signed.  Which means download is complete . This is the basic of internet working.

SEARCH OPERATION:

When any search operation occur there have DNS or domain name system the computer search for the particular IP address and send to the computer then we reached to that website. A single DNS server unable to take that much responsibility . So servers are connected in a distributed hierarchy. DNS was created to be an open public communication protocol. Because of it openers DNS is acceptable to cyber attacks. Example of attack is DNS Spoofing. When  a hacker changing the IP address. The internet grows everyday but DNS and IP address are designed to scale no matter how much the internet grows. 

Telecommunication Technology

We have wireless communication in case of telecommunication .It started as 1G (first generation).

 1G has technology like –

NMT- NORDIC MOBILE TELEPHONY

TACS- TOTAL ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

ETACS-  EUROPEAN TOTAL  ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

1G uses Analog signal/Analog system. So it can not cover wide range of distance.

Then come 2G or 2^nd generation which use digital signal so it can cover long distance . Here use GSM (GROUP SPECIAL MODULE) technology. It is a global system for mobile communications. It was only voice communication .Then for data access we move to 2.5G. It is called GPRS (general packet radio service). But here data rate is very low so we take 2.75G known as EDGE (ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM EVOLUTION).

There total 2G, 2.5G, 2.75G all are known as 2G technology.

Now come 3G.It has used UMTS (universal mobile terrestrial/telecomm system) technology.

UMTS gives us 384kbps data rate.

GPRS= 56-64 kbps

EDGE= 170kbps

UMTS= 384 kbps

So UMTS able to make video calling.

After this we got 3.5G which have technologies like HSDPA(HIGH SPEED DOWN LINK POCKET ACCESS) and HSUPA (HIGH SPEED UP LINK POCKET ACCESS).

Next come to 3.75G = HSPA (HIGH SPEED POCKET ACCESS)

And before 4G there the technology 3.9G. there have used technology is LTE (LONG TERM EVOLUTION) known as 4GLTE

Next is 4^th generation or 4G data speed 1gbps for stationary users and 100mbps for high mobility users.

Now we targetting  for 5G with speed 5gbps and we will achieved this speed in 2020. Many companies are research for this.

In some countries 2G use CDMA (CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS) and in 3G WCDMA (WIDE BAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS).

This is the basic concept on telecommunication

Android Architecture

Android is a mobile platform consist of operating system, middle  wave and key application. If we take any electronic device which consist of two things software component and hardware component there have a middle condition between software and hardware component. It is known as an operating system (OS).

OS in an android mobile is a Linux kernel.

MAIN FUNCTIONS of OS are memory management, resource management, power management, driver (USB, pen drive etc.) management, power management.

We can develop Android apps by using Java or c/c++ or.net.

 Now days  java is the programming language in case of android system. If we want to write any program in java then we need java library. If we performing any network operation like sending data to the server there is a package called        java.net.*;      If we are writing any file reading file writing operation in Java there is a package called       java.io.*;      

By using java code we cannot interact with some low level  media component. Let take an example: displaying graphics. It is not possible with java programming. Java programming language going to support of any other program language that some other program language known as NATIVE LIBRARY.

 Next important component in android architecture, application framework.Android development going to easy by help of the application framework.By WIFI manager we do not need to write a huge amount of code .In android DVM takes a Java byte code as input and it is going to produce a lightweight format called .dex.

It converts from Java byte code to.dex  because java byte code is applicable for heavy weight applications like PC’s. In mobile we do not have that much memory capacity, RAM capacity, power capacity so we need a lightweight format than Java byte code that is why DVM takes a java byte code as input. It follows some comparison technique. It reduces the redundant information in the classes and it is going to produce a single file called .dex.    

Smart Phone Will Replace By.....

Artificial intelligence to replace smartphones by 2021: Report

DECCAN CHRONICLE | KOUSTAV DAS

More than 100,000 consumers across 40 countries participated in the survey.

 (Representational Image)

Mumbai: A survey conducted by Ericsson owned ConsumerLab, as part of its fifth annual report on consumer trends, indicated that Artificial Intelligence (AI) will replace smartphones in the next five years.

The SAccording to the report, AI would enable interaction with objects without the need for a smartphone screen, which can greatly reduce human effort. Additionally, established companies in every sector are heavily investing on AI technologies to develop futuristic cars, computers, home appliances and even personal assistants. 

Michael Björn, Head of Research, Ericsson ConsumerLab, said, “Some of these trends may seem futuristic. But consumer interest in new interaction paradigms such as AI and virtual reality (VR), as well as in embedding the internet in the walls of homes or even in our bodies, is quite strong.”

weden-based communication technology provider questioned more than 100,000 consumers across 40 countries, enquiring their views on the future of technology. Interestingly, one in two smartphone users who took part in the survey favoured AI interfaces over devices with screens.

Technology Of Smart Phone

 It is a personal pocket computer which have a mobile OS (operating system).

It has HARDWARE and SOFTWARE

  HARDWARE:

1)    Display;

Display is used to make the phone looking attractive. For iphone x and Samsung Galaxy most of the space on the front given to the display in a style referred. Aspect ratio of 16:9 or 4:3. Which phones have diagonal inches more than 5:2 inches are known as PHABLETS. Display may be LCD which is most common, others are IPS, LED, OLED, AMOLED and E-lnk . Some displays are integrated with pressure sensitive digitizers.

2)    Accessories;

i)                   Screen protector;

ii)                 USB;                                             

iii)               Bluetooth enabled powered speakers     

3)    Battery

It vary phone to phone.

SOFTWARE:

Operating system(OS)

i)                   Android operating system;

ii)                 iOS (iphone operating system);

iii)               Others

Source	year	Android	iOS	Others
Gartner	2017	86.1%	13.7%	0.2%